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Bartholomew the Apostle
Bartholomew ((ギリシア語:Βαρθολομαῖος ''Bartholomaíoss''), (ラテン語:Bartholomaeus)) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He has been identified with Nathanael (alternatively spelled Nathaniel), who appears in the Gospel according to John as being introduced to Christ by Philip (who would also become an apostle), although most modern commentators reject the identification of Nathanael with Bartholomew.〔Smith, D. Moody. ''Abingdon New Testament Commentaries: John''. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1999. ISBN 0687058120〕
According to the Synaxarium of the Coptic Orthodox Church, his martyrdom is commemorated on the 1st day of the Coptic Calendar (1st day of the month of "Thout"), which currently falls on September 11 (corresponding to August 29 in the Gregorian Calendar). His feast is June 11 in Eastern Christianity and August 24 in the Anglican Communion and both forms of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.
''Bartholomew'' ((ギリシア語:Βαρθολομαῖος), transliterated "Bartholomaios") comes from the Aramaic ''bar-Tôlmay'' (בר-תולמי), meaning ''son of Talmai''〔(Butler, Alban and Burns, Paul. "St. Bartholomew", ''Butler's Lives of the Saints: August'', A&C Black, 1998, ISBN 9780860122579 )〕 or ''son of the furrows'' (perhaps a ploughman). Bartholomew was born at Cana of Galilee〔("St. Bartholomew, Apostle", Passionist nuns )〕 and is listed among the Twelve Apostles of Jesus in the three Synoptic gospels: Matthew, Mark, and Luke, and also appears as one of the witnesses of the Ascension; on each occasion, however, he is named in the company of Philip. He is not mentioned by the name Bartholomew in the Gospel of John, nor are there any early ''acta'',〔William Smith and Samuel Cheetham, ''A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities'' (1875) noted the "absence of any great amount of early trustworthy tradition."〕 the earliest being written by a pseudepigraphical writer who assumed the identity of Abdias of Babylon and to whom is attributed the Saint-Thierry Manuscript and Pseudo-Abdias Manuscripts.〔These ''Acta'' were published by Johann Albert Fabricius, ''Codex Apocryphus Novi Testimenti'' i. 341ff.〕
==New Testament references==
In the East, where Bartholomew's evangelical labours were expended, he was identified as Nathanael, in works by Abdisho bar Berika (often known as Ebedjesu in the West), the 14th century Nestorian metropolitan of Soba (city), and Elias, the bishop of Damascus.〔Both noted, Ebedjesu as "Ebedjesu Sobiensis", in Smith and Cheetham, who give their source, Giuseppe Simone Assemani ''Bibliotheca Orientalis'' iii.i. pp. 30ff.〕 Nathanael is mentioned only in the Gospel according to John. In the Synoptic gospels, Philip and Bartholomew are always mentioned together, while Nathanael is never mentioned; in John's gospel, on the other hand, Philip and Nathanael are similarly mentioned together. Giuseppe Simone Assemani specifically remarks, "the Chaldeans confound Bartholomew with Nathaniel".〔''Bartholomaeum cum Nathaniel confundunt Chaldaei'' Assemani, ''Bibliotheca Orientalis'', iii, pt 2, p. 5 (noted by Smith and Cheetham).〕 Some Biblical scholars reject this identification, however.〔John P. Meier, ''A Marginal Jew'' Volume 3, Doubleday, 2001. pp. 199–200. ISBN 0-385-46993-4; for the identification see (Benedict XVI, Udienza generale 4 October 2006 ).〕
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